Kathmandu Valley

Kathmandu Valley*
UNESCO World Heritage Site

Type	Cultural
Criteria	iii, iv, vi
Reference	121
Region**	Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription	1979 (3rd Session)
Extensions	2006
Endangered	2003-2007
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. ** Region as classified by UNESCO.

The Kathmandu Valley (Nepal Bhasa: नेपाः स्वनिगः Nepāḥ Svanigaḥ [nepaː sʷoniɡəː], Nepali: काठमाडौँ उपत्यका), located in Nepal, lies at the crossroads of ancient civilizations of Asia, and has at least 130 important monuments, including several places of pilgrimage for the Hindus and the Buddhists. There are seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites within this valley.

1 Etymology
2 History
3 Mythology
4 Geography
5 Places to see
6 Present
7 Musical inspiration
8 See also
9 References
10 Gallery
11 External links

Etymology

The city of Kathmandu is named after a structure in Durbar Square called Kaasthamandap. In Sanskrit, kāṣṭh (काष्ठ) = "wood" and maṇḍap (मंडप/मण्डप) = "covered shelter." This unique temple, also known as Maru Satal, was built in 1596 CE by King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The entire structure contains no iron nails or supports and is made entirely from wood. Legend has it that the timber used for this two story pagoda was obtained from a single tree. As the city has many temples, it is also known as the City of Temples.

History

The Kathmandu Valley may have been inhabited as early as 300 BCE, since the oldest known objects in the valley date to a few hundred years BCE. The earliest known inscription is dated 185 CE. The oldest firmly dated building in the earthquake-prone valley is almost 1,992 years old. Four stupas around the city of Patan, said to have been erected by a certain Charumati, a purported daughter of Ashoka the Great, a Mauryan king, in the 3^rd century BCE, attest to the ancient history present within the valley. As with the tales of the Buddha's visit, there is no evidence supporting Ashoka's visit, but the stupas probably do date to that century. The Kirats are the first documented rulers of the Kathmandu Valley; the remains of their palace are said to be in Patan near Hiranyavarna Mahavihara (called "Patukodon"). The Licchavi Dynasty whose earliest inscriptions date back to 464 CE were the next rulers of the valley and had close ties with the Gupta Dynasty of India. The Malla Dynasty ruled Kathmandu Valley and the surrounding area from the 12^th century CE until the 18^th century CE, when the Shah Dynasty under Prithvi Narayan Shah conquered the valley as he created present-day Nepal. Most of ancient Nepali architecture present in Nepal today is from the Malla era.

The temple of Pashupatinath.

Newars

The Newars, generally acknowledged to be the original inhabitants of the valley, are understood to be the descendants of the various ethnic and racial groups that have inhabited and ruled the valley in the 2-millennia history of the place. Although in today's state of Nepal, the Newars stand apart ethnically from the other groups on the basis of their composite Hindu-Buddhist religious culture and Nepal Bhasa, today spoken by all Newars as their mother tongue, the multifarious castes in the numerous caste systems within Newar society display a surprising racial diversity. The similarities between the various cultural traits and complexes within Newar culture and those of many other ethnic groups in the Indian sub-continent lead us to hypothesize the occurrence of both vibrant circulations of peoples and cultures around the sub-continent during the last 2 millennia and a continuous and steady of diffusion of these ideas into the valley. Indologists/anthropologists and Newarologists describe Newar society as a "pre-dominantly Mongoloid people practicing an Indo-Aryan culture."

Mythology

Swayambu Stupa

According to Swayambhu Puran, the Kathmandu Valley was once a lake. The hill where the Swayambu Stupa rests had lotus plants with beautiful lotus flowers abloom. One story says that the god Manjusri cut a gorge at a place called Kashapaal (later called Chobhar) with a sword called Chandrahrasha and drained away the waters in order to establish a habitable land.

According to Gopal Banshawali, Krishna cut the gorge with his Sudarshana Chakra to let the water out. He then handed the drained valley to the Gopal Vansi people, who were nomadic cow herders.

Geography

The valley is made up of the Kathmandu District, Lalitpur District and Bhaktapur District covering an area of 220 square miles(almost the area of Singapore). The valley consists of the municipal areas of Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Lalitpur Submetropolitan City, Bhaktapur municipality, Kirtipur Municipality and Madhyapur Thimi Municipality; the remaining area is made up of a number of Village Development Committees. The valley is a cultural and political hub of Nepal. The Kathmandu valley was accorded the status of a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the year 1979.

The major river flowing through the Kathmandu Valley is the Bagmati.

Places to see

Important monuments of Kathmandu Valley include:

Kathmandu Durbar Square
Patan Durbar Square

Bhaktapur Durbar Square
Thimi Durbar Square
Changu Narayan
Swayambhunath Stupa
Boudhanath Stupa
Pashupatinath temple
Balkumari Temple/Thimi
Wakachhen Mahadev/Thimi
Golden Window/Thimi
Chabahil
Manjushree Temple in Majipa, Manjushree Tole
Aditnath Temple in Chobhar[1] hill village
Palanchok Temple in Kavre, east from middle of Kathmandu

Present

This valley hosts an UNESCO World Heritage Sites composed of seven different Monument Zones: The centers of the three primary cities, Kathmandu Hanuman Dhoka, Patan and Bhaktapur, the two most important Buddhist stupas, Swayambhunath and Boudhanath and two famous Hindu shrines, Pashupatinath temple and Changu Narayan. Since 2003 the World Heritage List lists the site as being "in danger" out of concern for the ongoing loss of authenticity and the outstanding universal value of the cultural property.

In the past, Tibetan Buddhist Masters including Marpa, Milarepa, Rwa Lotsava, Ras Chungpa, Dharma Swami, XIII Karmapa, XVI Karmapa and several others visited and traveled in the Kathmandu Valley. However, the largest group of Tibetans came in the 1960s. Many settled around the Svayambhu and Baudha Stupas. Many other famous Lamas known throughout the world have their Buddhist monasteries and centers in the Kathmandu Valley.^[1].

Musical inspiration

Cat Stevens wrote a song titled "Katmandu," which appeared in his 1970 album, Mona Bone Jakon.
Rock musician Bob Seger wrote a song titled "Katmandu," which appeared on his 1975 album, Beautiful Loser.
Kathmandu is mentioned in the song "Cry Baby," by Janis Joplin.
Kathmandu is also mentioned in the song "Nobody Told Me," by John Lennon.
A Russian rock band Krematorij had a song titled "Kathmandu" on their 2000 album Three Springs.
The Argentinian musician Fito Páez has a song called Tráfico por Katmandú ("Traffic through Kathmandu" in English).
New age guitarist Will Ackerman has a song called "A Happy Home in Kathmandu" on his 1993 album The Opening of Doors.
The group Tantra recorded a song called "The Hills of Katmandu" in the early 80's.
Banjo player Béla Fleck has a number called "Kathmandu."
David Hughes from Sweden, included a track titled "Kathmandu" on his 2007 release "Foreign Shores".

References

↑ Observation on the influence of Tibetan Buddhism in the Kathmandu Valley:

Gallery

The palace in the Kathmandu Durbar Square.	Bhairava sculpture, Durbar Square market place 1972.	A view of Kathmandu Durbar Square from 1920. Bhairava in the background.	Same as the picture to the left but from 2007, shot for comparison.
Small stupa in Kathmandu	Stone carving in Kathmandu street	View over Kathmandu	A seller warming himself up in Durbar Square, Kathmandu, Nepal (pre-prohibition)
Boudnanath Stupa in Kathmandu, Nepal	Pashupatinath Temple in Kathmandu, Nepal	Pashupatinath temple in Kathmandu, Nepal	Pedicab driver in Kathmandu near Durbar Square
Two Sadhus, or Hindu Holy Men, near Pashupatinath temple in Kathmandu.	Two girls seeking shadow on Bodnath Temple.